Field Analysis For System Conversion

Question: Direct a field investigation for framework conversion.Evaluate the data gave in the connected record. Decide whether the information in the old framework should be changed over in the new framework and how this ought to be finished? Answer: The current report can be alluded to as field investigation, for the usage the board of concerned more up to date MPI framework. It is vital to make reference to that alongside the establishment of fundamental changes for the work process into machine language, there ought to be adequate speculation over preparing and instruction program (Gardner, 1999). This will assist the representatives with making suitable utilization of fresher framework and finding essential necessities for future execution of imperative working. It is essential to protect the past information in all regard. The explanation related for safeguarding of more seasoned data can be made into use as contextual analysis; proof based clinical choice and partner or meta-examination study. All the more critically, examination of patient history is one of the pivotal angles, which can be executed (Gardner, 1999). The worries as acquired as for the field examination can be portrayed concerning following point: DOB The arrangement for date of birth stays same, which is a typical all inclusive configuration. It is thus keeping up a similar configuration is proper as for keeping up the old data and taking care of the resulting work strategies. Characters for first and last name Increase or decline in characters won't interest for additional room in the safe. It is henceforth expanding the character size for recording name will be helpful. The ASCII arranged character space along these lines can be expanded upto same 30 characters for first name. Regularly when individuals from various foundation have longer names, such change will be useful. Administrations It is progressively proper to make consideration of number of administrations contrasted with the old framework, which contains less number of administrations. Administrations, for example, Newborn, pediatrics and medical procedure are same as like more established framework. Administrations, viz. OB/Gyn and Medical ought to be sorted into more up to date framework, concerning the more seasoned information. On the other hand, it is anything but difficult to sort information dependent on DOB of patient to look in an assistance archive more seasoned information. In this way, the more established framework is important to be moved in more up to date group. Also, another help tab, Palliative consideration ought to be included the more current framework. Tolerant sort The substance remembered for the more current framework is progressively proper and accommodating. In this manner, there is no compelling reason to roll out any improvements as for persistent sorts tab. Doctor number With time, clearly the quantity of patients visiting to the medical clinic as outpatient and being conceded in the emergency clinic will be expanding. It is henceforth expanding the digits will be useful. Significantly, the 5 digits ought to be expanded to 7 digits, which will empower the framework to make into utilization for longer span. To cause the more established records and data to line up with the more current framework, it is proper to make the 4 digit numbers or all the more in like manner. The easiest path is to utilize awk content or JAVA program to include 0 preceding the more seasoned number records (Wang, 1997). MRN The idea of expanding the digit from 7 to 10 is successful. So as to make the more seasoned records import into the fresher framework, 0 can be added to the past MRN. References: Gardner, R. M., Pryor, T. A., Warner, H. R. (1999). The HELP emergency clinic data framework: update 1998. Universal diary of clinical informatics, 54(3), 169-182. Wang, K., Van Wingerde, F. J., Bradshaw, K., Szolovits, P., Kohane, I. (1997). A Java-based multi-institutional clinical data recovery framework. In Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (p. 538). American Medical Informatics Association.

An Analysis of The Other in All of Us, As Evoked by E.R. Burroughs Tar

An Analysis of The Other within each one of Us, As Evoked by E.R. Burroughs' Tarzan Human instinct is one of mindfulness. On account of that mindfulness, it is essential for us to characterize ourselves by taking a gander at our general surroundings and choosing what bunches we fall into, and what bunches we don't. Those gatherings we feel a piece of become a place of refuge, and those gatherings we feel isolated from are viewed as remote, colorful, risky, or even subhuman. â€Å"The Other† must exist for people to characterize themselves separately. Our acknowledgment of our disparities corresponding to others gives us our humankind and our uniqueness. In any case, our interest in The Other despite everything remains. Edgar Rice Burroughs’ tale, Tarzan, is a talk on our interest with otherness: our responses to â€Å"the other,† and our longing to find how different sees us. Burroughs’ has organized the novel with the goal that perusers are constrained out of their conventional jobs, taking on those of The Other. In this manner, perusers see things about themselves that were imperceptible to their individual selves, however clear to pariahs. Burroughs abstains from utilizing this procedure to uncover any incredible certainties about society, picking rather to engage and interest, yet through engaging his perusers, he really want to give them a vehicle for rediscovering themselves. In Tarzan, there are two principle sorts of â€Å"other,† two universes, compared. Tarzan and his wilderness establish one world; Jane and â€Å"civilization† comprise another. Circling these two primary universes, are a few moons, for example, the Mbonga town and the double-crossers. Tarzan may even be viewed as a moon, since there is nobody like him, and he has a place with no gathering however his own. Tarzan’s wilderness world would probably be unfamiliar to most rea... ...young lady, yet found another feeling of self and character, as does the peruser. Burroughs has removed the perusers on an excursion from themselves and into a spot they would never go alone. He takes them outside of themselves, away from all that is protected and unsurprising, and allows them to be reawakened as a â€Å"other.† And in redoing the peruser into a â€Å"other,† the peruser is normally allowed the chance to see society, and maybe even his own little corner of society, through new eyes. He cautions the peruser to recall the sentiments evoked by Tarzan and to be consistent with his new self. It isn't just the spots or occasions depicted in Tarzan that make it so enduringly engaging; it is the opportunity to consider our to be lives as something one of a kind, abnormal, and critical. Works Cited: Burroughs, Edgar Rice. Tarzan: The Adventures of Lord Greystoke. Ballantine Books, 1972.

Tips for Teenagers from those who are 30

Tips for Teenagers from those who are 30 Tips for Teenagers from those who are 30 Home›Education Posts›Tips for Teenagers from those who are 30 Education PostsExperience is a big thing. Having 30 + years behind, it is easy to judge yourself in the past. I did, so here are some pieces of advice for those who are 18+:1. You have to keep in mind that any fortune or misfortune you encounter when you are 18 will mean nothing in 20 years. Are you a captain of a football team? Its great, but I doubt whether you will have great achievements in this sphere in the future. Things that make you feel yourself exceptional in a group of 30 classmates will look different in a group of thousands of students. Scared? There is no need to! It has to inspire you! Those difficulties and worries you are bothered by in present will soon disappear, giving way to new complexities and chances. This is the reality.2. Respect your body because you do not have another one. People manage to do lots of silly things before they realize they are not im mortal.3. First love…. One of the purest feelings in life. Fall in love, enjoy it, but remember that it is too fragile to last long. If you break up, don’t weep too long. Just remember the best moments and let go.4. Don’t spend much money. Learn to save. Apply for scholarships.5. You shouldn’t consider yourself too intelligent. Knowledge is never enough. Learning is a continuous process with no end.6. Don’t miss opportunities. Your youth is a big treasure. Live, fall in love, travel, set and reach your goals!7. Take it easy! Of course, what you do now determines what you will be in the future, but if you work persistently all the time, make friends easily, treat people in a proper way, you’ll become a cool guy.8. Go to QualityCustomEssays.com for the best essays. This will make your life in the university easier. I wish I had such an opportunity when I was a student!

With Honors Movie Review - 1061 Words

Introduction The film centers on Montgomery Monty Kessler (Brendan Fraser) a government senior student at Harvard University, who thinks his life depends on his thesis. When his computer crashes, Monty decides that the reasonable thing to do is to rush to make copies of the only hard copy of the thesis he has. But on the way to the copy shop, he has an accident and the thesis falls into the boiler room of the library and into the hands of Simon Wilder (Joe Pesci), a homeless man who has made a makeshift home in there. At first, there is tension between the two, as Monty is outraged for the deal he is forced to make with Simon: for each day of food and shelter, Monty gets one page of the thesis. As time goes by, Monty realizes that there†¦show more content†¦I love Joe Pesci and as surreal and unreal as his bum version was, you can ´t help loving the guy. There was something very  ´common place ´ (the poor but incredibly wise man that is) about it, but the movie has its merits. I knew Brendan Fraser could kick ass and look hot but I was pleased to see him act. The guy ´s good and his character were really captivating, which gets the movie going. This movie for the subjects exposed in it. It speaks of freedom, integrity love for ourselves and others, priorities and one nice look at a society changing towards individualism but never too far from mutual aid. The actors are terrific. Joe Pesci is simple and very transparent. Brendan Fraser is very good. Very smooth in his characters evolution during the movie, Moira Kelly, well beside the fact that she is very pretty, she plays an important grounding role. Patrick Dempsey, I never saw him much but this role was played perfectly. He plays the kind very sensitive guy that does not take too much things seriously. And Josh Halmilton even though you probably won’t like him at first he supports one feeling of wrongness trough the movie by not getting involved, fitting ones beliefs because that’s what he was thought, and breaks down slowly trough the movie. Enjoy. This is the kind of movie you watch when you are down or that it is raining. It kind of makes things a little easier. There is a lesson coming from the movie, but it ´s not one that will make you want roll yourShow MoreRelatedThe Breakfast Club Jaws And Star Wars Analysis1368 Words   |  6 Pagessuch a recognition have shifted over the years, due to how society has shifted. Due to their popularity, it raises the question if movies which involve superheros could ever rise to such a title. If they can, which ones would be able to hold this honor? All of them? Only a select few that hold a strong following? 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Torvald Helmer And Troy Maxson - 1965 Words

Monica Therrien Nancy Slavin English 105 18 March 2015 Torvald Helmer and Troy Maxson in Comparison It is a common assumption to believe that men are to be masculine, protective, and a provider to their families. That is especially the case in the time period both, A Doll’s House and Fences were written in, the 19th and 20th centuries. Torvald Helmer and Troy Maxson, were alike in many ways, but also so very different, each man loved and provided for his family in different ways, but both were still efficient providers in the way that should have been. The 19th century, the time A Doll’s House was set in, was the turning point in the world where the idea of â€Å"male supremacy† slowly started to become a thing of the past. Women were on their way to being considered, â€Å"equal but different.† Although women were socially considered equal to their counterparts, there were still some things that men ruled hierarchy over women such as voting rights, and the ability to perform hard labored jobs, and were ra rely granted the custody of their children in the case of divorce. Women were still considered caretakers, teachers, and organizers; primarily looking after the children, being maids, and organizing church groups and citizen groups as well. Men in the 19th century were the â€Å"laborers,† whom provided for their family; monetarily, put food on the table and a roof over their heads. Even though women began to earn their rights and were considered equal, men were still consideredShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House And August Wilson Fences 1224 Words   |  5 Pagesmain character was a woman by the name of Nora Helmer. She was a young women who lived in Europe during the nineteenth century. She was married to a man by the name of Torvald Helmer who seemed to be a little controlling. At first Nora seem to appear as an airhead. When her spouse, Torvald, calls her things like his little squirrel, his little lark, she does not appear to mind. Indeed she appears to enjoy it and even play into it. For example Torvald states â€Å"Is that my little lark twittering away

Nursing Informatics at All Levels of Patient Care Free Essays

The development of nursing informatics was inevitable.   As a matter of fact, nursing informatics is a growing discipline, defined as the â€Å"use of information technologies in relation to those functions within the purview of nursing, and that are carried out by nurses when performing their duties.   Therefore, any use of information technologies by nurses in relation to the care of their patients, the administration of health care facilities, or the educational preparation of individuals to practice the discipline is considered nursing informatics† (Turley, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Informatics at All Levels of Patient Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nursing is a scientific discipline with a focus on information or knowledge.   Hence, nursing informatics, too, is focused on the easy access of crucial information to nurses.   Indeed, nursing informatics has the power to embrace all pieces of information that a nurse would require at any time.   Whether it is patient data or information about medicines that is required by a nurse at any given time, the help that information technology can provide in accessing required information, cannot be discounted.   No longer does the nurse have to flip through â€Å"book after book† to find needed information at a time of emergency. No longer does he or she have to go searching for doctors when electronic communication is ready to ease the functioning of healthcare facilities (Nelson, 2005).   Nursing informatics also allows teaching nurses to impart education more effectively to their juniors.   It is a fact, after all, that information technology allows for accurate information to be stored and retrieved.   Thus, Meadows (2002) predicts an increasing use of information systems in the healthcare profession.   I would add to the prediction that since nursing informatics is a groundbreaking use of technology in healthcare, all areas of patient care (including my own) would benefit tremendously by its use.   Errors will be checked more easily by appropriate use of IT.   In point of fact, I predict a general improvement in healthcare as a direct consequence of nursing informatics. References Meadows, Ginny. (2002, November). Nursing informatics: an evolving specialty. Nursing Economics. Nelson, Darrick. (2005, February). More than a pocketful of knowledge: a family practice group uses integrated mobile technology at the point of care to improve decision-making and patient care. Health Management Technology. Turley, James P. (1996, December 22). Towards a Model for Nursing Informatics. Journal of Nursing Scholarship.       How to cite Nursing Informatics at All Levels of Patient Care, Essay examples

CSR of the McDonald Company-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Questions: 1.Proceed to a Critical assessment of the Corporate Social Responsibility Report of McDonalds. 2.You should demonstrate a critical awareness of real ethical Issues that modern work places face. Answers: 1.The assessment of the Corporate Social Responsibility of the McDonalds Company The McDonalds Company is globally known for its success in the production and the selling of hamburger to both the local people in America and the international community through its additional chain of supply of the restaurants. However, driving such a massive company requires a lot of determination as well as an appropriate code of conduct in the business environment. As a result, we shall be looking at the ethical environment that the McDonalds operates in and the impact it has on the business behavior as well as its performance. The McDonalds operates in a business environment that is guided by business ethics and social responsibility that is controlled and managed by six different committees that report to the Board of Directors. These 6 committees include the likes of Corporate Responsibility Committee, Global Environment council, Quality Systems Board, and the Sustainable Supply Steering Committee among others. Looking at the Corporate Social Responsibility, the committee addresses such issues like the product safety, employee training and opportunities, employee safety, and the sustainable chains of supply of their product to both the local and international customers (Parra, Tremblay, and Castellanos 2016). In addition, the company is also concerned about the workplace safety, diversity, and the keen process of not polluting the environment. Operating in such channels aids in the bringing forth better impacts on the people it is serving and the employees as well. Taking care of the employees enables th e employees to feel appreciated, needed, and being part of the organization thus improving their work output in the firm (Hisrich, and Ramadani 2017). If the employee, for instance, is not treated in a better way that he or she considers is appropriate, he or she may end up producing unwanted results that may impact the firm negatively thus reduction in the customers needs being satisfied. However, the act of the company in treating its employees in a better way aids in the improvement of the production quality of them as well as the feeling of being home away from their homes. Secondly, the business makes sure that its product is safe for use or consumption by the customer. Thus, it has set up strategies that manage the wellbeing of their product through ensuring that the product has been cooked effectively in every restaurant across the globe through its regional managers (Velliaris, Willis, and Pierce 2015). Taking care of the final product helps in the wellbeing of not only the employees who are making them but also the community in general which in turn increases the capability and adaptability to better health standards. We should also note that any produced goods must be fit for consumption by the end user and the company has managed in maintaining and fulfilling these set conditions in every jurisdiction that it is serving in. As a result, the company is viewed positively by both the employees, community and the law enforcement bodies thus improving its social responsibility rankings to a better level. Thirdly, the company effectively trains its employees on how to prepare their product as well as on the leadership skills that may aid them in the day to day running of the business or even in case a need for moral skills arises. Training employees do a better advantage to the company and not to the employees alone as they are trained in different levels. For instance, the employees are trained on different levels or departments in the company such as the production level, the distribution level, and/or the marketing or supply chain level. In the production level training, the employees are trained on how best they can produce a single hamburger that will satisfy the taste and preference of a customer as well as other beverages such that the employee would love coming back for more (Brenkert 2015). It is through such training that the business will be able to deliver value to its customers and manage a better image of itself in the social responsibility area. In the supply chain or t he marketing, the employees are trained on how best they can talk, serve, and congratulate a customer who walks into their restaurants effectively. In addition, the employees feel wanted when they are trained on how to operate as it fills their knowledge gaps on the aspects of how they can handle a particular customer effectively. In addition, the training of the employees makes it easier to transfer one employee from one firm to another as they both have same training thus nit affecting the business at any particular moment or time. The fourth strategy that the company uses in the management of the day to day business is the ensuring that the employees workplace is safe from any disturbance. Security is a vital organ in the running of a business especially if the business is being operated in an urban center or a populated region. The workplace of this company is maintained such that in case an emergency arises, such as fire out brake, there are a number of measures that are taken to prevent further damages through the use of emergency safe kits. In addition, the workplace is constructed in a convenient way where the employees do not have to squeeze themselves while serving the customer or making the companys products, resulting in a better working space. Also, when the employees feel safe in the place of work, it is a guarantee that they will produce their maximum as there is a minimal chance of being interrupted by any external means. Thus, the workplaces safety does more benefits in improving the social image of the company resulting in having a better trust on the business by all stakeholders (Rawwas, and Isakson, 2015). The McDonalds Company also protects its employees against vengeance. They strictly exclude retaliation against employees who report issues such as misconduct, raise an alarm or cooperate in an investigation, provided that the employees have acted in good faith and with a judicious belief that the information provided is accurate. Anyone, in the company, who hits back, is always subjected to the punitive action, up to and/or including the conclusion of employment. Finally, the company runs on an initiative that maintains the well-being and sustainable environment around it in order not to spoil it or mishandle it in a way that way either pollutes it either through the air, water, or land pollution. The company has been able to meet this standard through its strategy in recycling its waste plastic materials, using environmentally friendly raw materials, and the participation in environmental care programs within the locality that their restaurants serve. Through the use of such a strategy, the company is assured of better social responsibility ranking by all stakeholders and the government that it deals with effectively. Most of the large companies that are multinational do not observe this law and hence end up polluting the environment as well as not taking positive measure to re-clean the surrounding once they have spoilt it. Due to the fact that the McDonalds uses materials that emit low levels of pollution to the environment, the company is viewed to be a good company, in the social responsibility arena, by most of the communities that it serves. Another aspect that the company serves best is through the appropriate mechanisms of waste management as it is through the better waste management that a firm can control the way or channels that it is polluting. As a result, the company is viewed to be a better company in terms of managing its social responsibility as explained in the above (Alekseyenko, Skrynnikov, Poperechna, and Pilova, 2008). The company has a number of strategies that it uses in the managing the daily mode of activities through the use of the following. It has set up bodies that drive the cross-functional and issue-specific areas of the business. These bodies aid in ensuring that the above-quoted strategies that aid the company in managing a positive public image are fulfilled to their maximum and with a better solution. The McDonalds Company is committed to ensuring that the diets and beverages they serve to their customers are safe. This means that they are working with their suppliers who display, test and trail all the ingredients. In addition, they have a comprehensive sequencer to ensure the protection of all figures and promotional objects. Their safety and quality canons for food, beverages, toys and advertising items meet or outdo all applicable administration requirements. They also support additional procedures to help defend consumers and guarantee the safety of local food provisions. They vi ew this act as a part of their responsibility as a moral corporate national, and they know it is also indispensable to the enduring growth and cost-effectiveness of their business. It is the obligation of every McDonalds underling to follow all pertinent safety and sanitization policies, or set rules, and procedures. The employees are also told to notify their administrator if they become aware of a trick relating to the safety the companys products. For instance, in order for the kids to be satisfied with their products, the bodies have ensured that the employees produce a range of diverse foods and beverages for the kids such that they can have a number of options in whatever they would want to consume. Kids not only want food but also fun while they are at these restaurants. And, as a result, the bodies have taken a step further in ensuring that kids are motivated through fun by the implementation of the use of fun products like the merry-go-round play tools. Such an act not only keeps the kids happy but also helps in keeping them safe from any ailment due to physical appearance and attracting them daily to come and eat as well as having fun with other kids. The company does not stop at that as it has also invested hugely in maintaining and educating the customers on the nutrition information on how they can take care of themselves. It is through the above measures that the McDonalds has been able to stay in business and managing its public image as well. If not through the use of the above-mentioned strategies, the company would not have succeeded in the appropriate staying in business as well as running its huge number of restaurants that are situated at different places in the world. 2.The effective code of conduct in a business Any business is run by a person who is in charge of diverse departments of the firm or simply the management that may comprise of a number of directors. For a business to display a positive image of itself, the managers or the directors in charge should be the first ones to display it through the portraying of the positive business ethics. As a manager, a person may be required to display what the core values of the business are rather than just saying them without appropriate actions. It is through actions that the junior employees find it better to copy and follow the suit of their managers in a better and understanding manner (Crane, and Matten, 2016). There are a number of ways that a manager can portray a positive code of conduct such as the following. A manager should be able to keep time and deliver whatever is needed of him on timely bases so as for the junior staff to follow the suit and maintain time too. It is very difficult for a junior employee to keep time if his or her supervisor is a lazy or untimely person. As a result, timekeeping should always be in the mind of the manager as the first aspect to consider. The manager should maintain effective communication both horizontal and vertically in order to pass the same idea to his or her junior staff. Communication is very effective in managing a firm as it is through communication where the manager is able to spread information. For instance, an official message that should be passed to the employees cannot be done so by the use of a phone text message but rather the use of internal memos. It is these small aspects that the managers fail to show in their day to day activi ties that result in the improper business management. The manager should also be keen on the way the business is serving the community as it is through his or her concern that the junior employees will follow the route and maintain effective contribution to the society (Ferrero, and Sison, 2014). Moving on to the personal aspect, any leader must maintain several codes of conduct including the following. He or she must be an honest person as honesty helps in the understanding of the process involved in the implementation of the companys mission, vision, and objectives as well. A leader must also be accountable for every action that he or she takes or does so as to show the junior employees what they should also do. Being accountable will not only improve the junior employees trust but also ensure that there are minimal cases of fraud as every person is accountable for every action that he or she takes (Sigurjonsson, Arnardottir, Vaiman, and Rikhardsson, 2015). A leader must always be flexible with is a line of thought as rigid thinking especially in the decision-making sector is not advisable as it does not create an option for an alternative solution to a certain problem. Flexibility also aids in the diverse selection of ideas that the employees can take in serving their dail y activities and this fact must be taught by their master employees. Respect should also be maintained in any given institution as lack of respect creates lack of boundary that results in the misconduct such as abuse and negligence at work. As a result, a manager must show his or her junior employees respect in order for them to be respected too by them. To add up, the managers should always perform their duties with higher levels of integrity as it is through integrity that a manager can be ranked as either the best one or the worst. Several companies fail to deliver their mission statement or even the objectives due to the lack of the code of conducts that their managers or even their directors fail to show to their junior employees. If a manager in the production department does not respect an employee in his department, he or she can be assured not to be respected back and, as a result, the business may even fail completely. In the other field of making decisions, the managers must be sure to use ethics while making decisions as the lack of ethics in decision-making results in the implementation of unethical decisions. These decisions can ruin the reputation of the whole company from top to the bottom. It is best of them, the managers, to use ethics ethical decision making theories in their process of making diverse decisions as well. As we are aware of the decision-making stages, a manager should always uphold the best business ethics for their business. There are a number of ways a manager can also display ethical actions in his or her business such as the following. The written form of conduct is applicable too as this clearly defines the ethics to be maintained in an organization. The aim of defining andwriting a code of conductis to let employees know what is acceptable and what is not within the organization (Floyd, Xu, Atkins, and Caldwell 2013). Every employee new or experienced must be trained on adhering to the code of conduct. Ethics compliance and training programs can be effective especially to the employees. Besides setting goals for the upcoming year, organizations should focus more on training employees on workplace ethics. A few members of the top level management can lead theethics and compliance training programs. Such initiatives will stress the fact that employees must cultivate and adhere to the ethical code of the workplace.And finally, it is essential to communicate the ethical values and a Code of Conduct to employees to equip them with the authority to take an appropriate ethical decision in any given situation. Above all, you need a good team with strong ethical behavior to grow and be a successful company. References Alekseyenko, T., Skrynnikov, V., Poperechna, N.V. and Pilova, K., 2008. MCDONALDS MARKETING STRATEGY. Brenkert, G.G., 2015. 2. Business, moral innovation, and ethics.Ethical Innovation in Business and the Economy, p.25. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Ferrero, I. and Sison, A.J.G., 2014. A quantitative analysis of authors, schools, and themes in virtue ethics articles in business ethics and management journals (19802011).Business Ethics: A European Review,23(4), pp.375-400. Floyd, L.A., Xu, F., Atkins, R. and Caldwell, C., 2013. Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Toward improving business ethics education.Journal of business ethics,117(4), pp.753 -776. Hisrich, R.D., and Ramadani, V., 2017. Business Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Entrepreneurial Managers. InEffective Entrepreneurial Management(pp. 179-201). Springer International Publishing. McDonald, G., 2014.Business Ethics: A Contemporary Approach. Cambridge University Press. Parra, C.M., Tremblay, M.C. and Castellanos, A., 2016, September. Prominent voices and prevalent discourses: A corporate social responsibility application. InDigital Information Management (ICDIM), 2016 Eleventh International Conference on(pp. 74 -78). IEEE. Rawwas, M.Y. and Isakson, H.R., 2015. Ethics of Future Business Managers: The Influence of Beliefs and Values on Ethical Attitudes. InProceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference(pp. 264-264). Springer, Cham. Sigurjonsson, T.O., Arnardottir, A.A., Vaiman, V., and Richardson, P., 2015. Managers views on ethics education in business schools: An empirical study.Journal of Business Ethics,130(1), pp.1-13. Velliaris, D.M., Willis, C.R. and Pierce, J.M., 2015. International student perceptions of ethics in a business pathway course.New voices in higher education research and scholarship, pp.234-253

GP Essay Essay Example

GP Essay Essay It would be very difficult to argue that the view of the majority is always right. Would advise against this. Different ways to approach discussion (not mutually exclusive): The view Of majority is right. But not always (can be wrong). View of majority is usually right. But in limited circumstances, wrong. View of majority is right. But actually very limited. More likely to go wrong. Or as in this essay, no emphasis on the extent of right or wrong of the majority view. Simple evaluation of the proposition itself. The view of majority is right for certain reasons. But it is not necessarily the view of majority itself that is right, but underlying values/ principles it promotes and represents. The adoption of the view of the majority alludes to a democratic model of governance and organization of a group of separate and distinct individuals living and interacting with one another, where decision-making is driven by the mandate of the majority. Contextually, it may apply to smaller communities such as families or business organizations, or may apply to a political society in general, where leadership and policy are determined based n majorities election. The validity of the majorities view has long been regarded as highly contentious, attributable to its paradoxical nature, aptly described by Sir Winston Churchill as the worst form of governing a country, save for all other systems that have since been attempted. While some fervently advocate such an approach, it has also been subject to strong denunciation by others who are quick point out that democratic structures blindly assume that the view of majority is always right. They argue that this may not necessarily hold true in all circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on GP Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on GP Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on GP Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this essay, we shall examine several justifications that vindicate the adoption of the majorities view, as well as reasons exposing the fallacious character of the statement alleging that the hue of the majority is always right. It is argued here that while the democratic approach remains largely salient, we must be cautious to guard against its weaknesses, in recognizing that it engenders social and political repercussions that need to be properly acknowledged and addressed. Paragraph 1 Tries to set out the context and scope of the discussion. Introduces ideas of association that may help in defining what the view of the majority means. Also sets out the rough outline of argumentation (i. E. What the essay aims etc achieve and how it is focused on the topic and some evaluation). At the outset, it is easy to see why some hold strong conviction that the vim of the majority is right. Firstly, by ensuring the need for a majority threshold to be secured, the opinions, preferences and demands of different individual within a particular community can at least be accounted for in a fair and balanced manner. This minimizes the chances of biased or skewed presentation, which would be far more likely to occur in the case where the views of only a particular minority are respected. Paragraph 2 The first point brought across is one of the justifications explaining why the view of the majority is right fair and balanced representation. Notwithstanding this however, there are several pragmatic limitations, which hamper the effectiveness of such democratic systems in allowing the views most members of a certain group to be reflected and expressed. This is because proportionate representation is desirable only where most member f the group in question are capable of making fully informed and rational choices, such as to reach to a well-evaluated decision overall. Yet, asymmetrical knowledge, resources and talent will inevitably exist to sabotage the ability of many within society to make such CEQ Lully balanced judgments. This may be especially pertinent with respect to less developed societies, where most have not experienced the benefits of education, and where there is a lack of infrastructural support to enable the widespread distribution of information or equip individuals with the necessary skills and sources to make enlightened choices. For example, in Thailand and Malaysia, inhabitants of rural areas often lack educational opportunities, culminating in an inadequate understanding of the policies and manifestos electoral candidates. As a result, they simply vote for the sake of doing so, without careful consideration of its wider, far-reaching implications. Furthermore, some who fail to appreciate the significance of their political views may also give away their votes in exchange for meager remuneration promised to them by corrupt officials, thus allowing unscrupulous politician o remain in power. This perpetuates a downward cycle of unsound police undertaken, inept leadership and social inequity, a clear indication that upholding the view of an undiscerning majority can impose severely detrimental effects on society. In other words, a tyranny of the wise by the majority may ensue, as forewarned by reputed philosopher, Plato, who voiced deep concerns over the potential subjugation of those better equip to make decisions that would shape the growth and progression of society, contrast with an ill-educated and incompetent majority. Paragraph 3 Here, we are evaluating the first point, by providing reasons explaining why the view of the majority is not always right. Firstly, asymmetrical knowledge, resources and talent might impinge ability the majority to make right choices. Example is provided to substantiate thief point. Moreover, championing the majorities view may promote a herd mental where individuals within the majority may be easily influenced because the may feel pressure to succumb to a particular view espoused by many other Rather than analyzing the underlying rationale and prudence of their choice; hey are swayed by mere numbers. This suggests that the majority view RL be largely fuelled by an emotional response rather than a genuine reflection of what members of society truly want and think is right. A study by researcher, Main Cousin, at Oxford University, provides evidence to suggest that humans do possess a behavioral inclination to conform to the major rule. While this implies that democratic principles are in line with our nature, tendencies as humans, this does not validate the proposition that the majority is always right. Quite the contrary, it indicates that we usually lean awards the view of the majority not because it is right, but because it is an instinctive response generated by the fact of our existence within a group individuals. Paragraph 4 Secondly, underlying the majorities view might be a herd mentality. Example is provided to substantiate this point. Despite these factors, the majority view may still be right because it protects society against an abuse Of power. By enforcing the view Of most individuals in the community in question, a concentration of power or essential resources in the hands of a select few is mitigated against. Essentially, it enables a more even distribution of power across members of society, thus providing a check and balance against autocratic rule, which may prompt those in power to subscribe to corrupt practices due to the lack of appropriate censure. This is illustrated by the toppling of the Marcos Empire in Philippines, where the restoration of democracy managed to absolve civilians of the politicians corrupt regime. Rendering leaders or decision- makers answerable to the views of the majority causes them to become accountable for policies drafted and measures implemented because a allure to comply with expectations of the masses could subject them to the risk of being ousted, removing them high positions of power or authority. Therefore, advancing the majorities view incentives leaders to constantly assess the opinions and demands of most individuals and act in a manner that corresponds to those interests, rather than their own. Paragraph 5 Here, we are providing the second reason which explains why the majority is right protects people against an abuse of power arising from overcompensation of power in hands of minority. Example provided to substantiate this point. However, a potent backlash of this is that leaders may resort to populist measures, maneuvering their policies to satisfy the demands of those whom they serve, without actual consideration of whether their actions will ultimately benefit the community at large. This is problematic because as discussed earlier, the majority may lack accurate notions of what they want, or what is best for them. At the same time, simply pandering to the whims of the majority will inadvertently sideline the interests of the dissenting minority) thus obstructing the impartial protection of rights and freedoms of all individuals within society.

Magwitchs Signifigance in Great Expectations Essays

Magwitchs Signifigance in Great Expectations Essays Magwitchs Signifigance in Great Expectations Paper Magwitchs Signifigance in Great Expectations Paper Essay Topic: Great Expectations Magwitch thought that Pip was a pathetic child who could not be trusted, but when he returned with the food and files he would have trusted him and start to like him when Pip says he is glad he has enjoyed the food. When Magwitch reappears in Chapter 39 revealing that it was he that sent Pip the money, making him rich. He did so because he was grateful for Pips kindness and thinks that money will give him status and therefore power, The Reader may consider whether the money was ever actually a good thing. As an adult the money have made him smug because he isnt used to living life as a rich person. It makes him think hes a better person. He uses it to try and gain Estellas respect. He turns his back on his family. Eventually he becomes unhappy, which is ironic because Magwitch only had good intentions. Pips resent towards Magwitch when he first comes back and that he was the money sender may be because of this. But when Magwitch appears in court it becomes more and more obvious that Pip wants to treat him with respect. This is brave of him because as rich person with high social status you are not expected to be friends with a working class convoy. Although Dickens may not have intentionally done so every time, there are frequently similarities between Magwitch and other characters, which not only give us different ways to interpret the story but also can also simply help readers understand the characters better. Early on in the novel we begin to compare Magwitch to Pip. Pip is obviously terrified of Magwitch but the way Pip is threatened by him so fiercely almost makes it seem as if he is fearful himself. Both Pip and Magwitch experience the feeling of desperation but they deal with it in different ways. Pip knows that his life depends on bringing Magwitch the food and the file but he appears rushed and slightly impatient, because he takes the wrong turn. Magwitch is patient; he appears to have been waiting all night for the food. When he has the food, however he shows great desperation in the way he rushes through it. Magwitch later shows himself to be loyal because he returns and sends him money. Pip has almost forgotten about him and seems ungrateful on the other hand. At this point in a way they are both rich, yet Magwitch has earned the money himself, when Pip does nothing to become the way he is now. We are able to make comparisons with Magwitch and other characters now because we are further on in the book. Like him, Joe is loyal towards Pip, despite being treated badly. They both remain working class throughout the story and are both very hard workers. Like Magwitch, Miss Haversham has a person taken form her. This impacts their lives greatly. They try to almost substitute this person by teaching them things in life and giving money. And unfortunately for the two of them, it does not make these people happy. From the start of the book they both have an association of death and hanging. The deaths of these characters occur within the story. There are certain themes in the book that reappear and are connected to one another. Betrayal is an important theme, it occurs when Pip is ungrateful at Magwitchs return, and when Estellas marries a man who does not actually love her. Another theme is secrecy, like Magwitch and Mollys affair resulting in Estella. As many other stories, love is an important theme in the book whether it is between family members; like Joes love for Pip and Magwitchs love for Pip and Miss Havershams love for Estella or love between partners; like Molly and Magwitchs affair and Pips love of Estella. Dickens tries to convey his views about crime and punishment in Great Expectations having endured unlawful punishment in his earlier life. In the novel it can be interpreted as both a good and bad thing. On the one hand it seems cruel and unlawful because the law does not always take account of the individual needs of a case. Readers would have seen this in Chapter fifty-four when Magwitch is arrested. We know that he has transformed from genuinely being a troublemaker to becoming a better person. We may already feel sorry for him because of Pips reaction when he comes back but for society to consider him guilty when what he really deserves is a thank-you makes it all the worse. Dickens tries to show that crime can be committed lawfully in a number of situations like for life and death (Pip stealing the food and file) for loved ones (Magwitchs return) and for reputation (Pips debt after trying to impress Estella with the clothes. On the other hand the law is shown to have its good points too. After all, it is used to keep everybody in order and ensure people live in a safe environment. One example is when Pip gets into trouble for his debt. It puts him back in his place and so he can realise that he should stop being greedy with his money- Pip gets into debt trying to impress Estella with the clothes. Readers could think it was a sign for him to realise that he should stop chasing after her. Getting into trouble for committing a crime can teach you a lesson, and the ability to change and become a better person in society may even be better than always achieving things at the same rate throughout your life. Magwitch was the person at the start who was breaking the laws and so on yet by the end of the book he has shown himself to be possibly one of the loveable characters in the novel. Another important theme in the novel is the idea of social status. There was great variation in wealth and status in the time at which Great Expectations was written yet even within people with of the same range of wealth there were noticeable differences. Neither Pip nor Magwitch are rich yet at least Pip has a house and is told by Magwitch that he had fat cheeks. We learn also that working class in those days were hard workers and always had determination whether it meant to have a decent way of living or simply by means of survival. The book shows that you can earn money but not necessarily be rich and interestingly you do not have to earn any money to become rich and have a high status. In the end, this may not be good for either person. We realise this when Magwitch earned many riches but gave it all to Pip, who had not worked at all. Readers may feel that it was Magwitch who deserved the money. Language is an important element to the novel. In the first chapter we get the impression that Pip is talking about himself as a child, because he refers to himself as being childish and small and it sounds as if the scene was remembered in an exaggerated way. This already gives readers the impression that he is altogether unsure about himself. Magwitch comes on to the scene using dialogue-in a short and abrupt sentence shocking Pip and the reader. In the paragraph that Pip is describing Magwitch, the sentences become longer and longer giving the impression that he is increasing in fear as he becomes more aware of him. Despite all this, there is an element of humour. The fact that Pip is in a graveyard and he is being threatened to be killed is ironic and the image of a little boy being rocked backwards on a gravestone with every sentence is sort of symbolic, certainly humorous. When Pip hurries to bring back the food later on, he almost believes that the animals like the cow know that he is stealing. This use of exaggeration is not because Pip is trying to show off about the story, but because he is very fearful. This makes the readers feel sorry for him. Pip finds Magwitch still hugging himself and limping. Use of repletion gives the effect that Magwitch is desperate and patient. Imagery is used when Magwitch eats. Pip compares the way Magwitch devours his food to a dog, illustrating that he is bad mannered and hungry but also, in a way thankful that he has the food. Pip is quite observant of Magwitch to be like this, so he may already be starting to like him. There is often the use of pathetic fallacy associated with Magwitch. When we are first introduced to him it is rainy and just before he appears later in the book Pip describes the bad weather; how it is wet, muddy and cold. Pip has no idea who the mystery person is but the reader may be able to identify him as being Magwitch because of his familiar dialogue and abrupt, simple sentences. It is ironic how Magwitchs good intentions only made Pip more miserable than he should have been, even though it was he who may have saved Magwitchs life at the start. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Property Asset Management ( A professional Report) Essay

Property Asset Management ( A professional Report) - Essay Example The team has to have at least three (3) more members who suitably qualified and experienced aside from the Property Assessment Manager to enable the smooth and professional execution of the project's principal task of finding a viable headquarters for the firm. One is the Senior Property Appraiser who will be tasked to perform difficult technical valuation work in the classification and appraisal of real property for value assessment purposes and to assist in the training of subordinate appraisers in the theory and techniques of real property appraisals. The SPA's duties may include but are not limited to: leads assessment projects, including assisting with planning and coordination of projects; annually performs preliminary and final review on a large volume of complex valuation changes such as farm and forest property segregations and mergers; This person must have a working knowledge of -- Property tax system and adjustments necessary to compute assessed values resulting from corrections or adjustments to real market value; principles, practices and methods of real property appraisal; technical appraisal practices and procedures used in residential, commercial, farm, forest, manufactured housing and land appraisal, pertinent structural, economic, and environmental factors affecting property value; special assessment programs including farm, forest, wildlife habitat, historical, commercial facilities under construction, riparian and open space; construction techniques, blueprints, maps, property descriptions, quality of building materials, equipment, workmanship, and general construction quality and quantity as applied to

Dynamic Of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dynamic Of law - Essay Example k Stanley cashed in on the popularity of this â€Å"patent medicine† and claimed the liniment can cure a variety of ills such as headaches, chronic pain, kidney troubles, and â€Å"female complaints† such as the menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) and even male baldness. Because of this connotation, snake oil is used as a synonym for fraud especially in relation to false claims made about a product or service. This is why advertisers today practice ethical standards with the catch phrase â€Å"truth in advertising.† Fraud as a legal construct is a civil wrong which means a victim of fraud can recover money paid for a product or service which did not live up to the claims of the seller. As criminal act, a person perpetrating a fraud is subject to criminal liabilities and imprisonment if convicted by government authorities who try to protect the buying public by giving out warnings. Snake oil was sold in the nineteenth century to an unsuspecting public through the back page of pamphlets and newspapers claiming it is a panacea (cure-all) although it no longer contained the original Chinese snake oil but instead was a mixture of mineral oil, beef fat, red pepper, and turpentine (Gandhi, 2013). Since then, a good number of consumer products were often being sold without any regard for the truthfulness of the claims made by the manufacturer or the seller; included are medicines, consumer durables, organic foods, and also firms claiming their product is â€Å"green.† Greenwashing is a newly-coined term derived from the words â€Å"green† and â€Å"washing† in a deceptive attempt by any company to portray itself to the buying public as an environmentally friendly organization in order to promote the sales of its product or service. This is because of a growing consciousness of caring for the environment resulting from global warming and climate change together with the depletion of non-renewable energy sources that resulted in degradation of the environment and the so-called

Theories and relevant models about branding

Theories and relevant models about branding In this chapter, concepts, theories and relevant models about branding, brand perception and customer buying behaviour will be discussed in detail. An individual who buys products for personal use and not for manufacture or resale is said to be a consumer. A consumer is someone who can make the decision whether or not to purchase an item at the store, which can be influenced by marketing and advertisements. Each and every consumer is influenced by their own brand perception and buying decisions which depends on various number of factors. 2.2 Branding Brand is the image that consumers have in mind (Aaker, 1991). It is also the unique characteristics that have been developed all the time in order to differentiate actual products from the competitors (Murphy, 1990). In addition, The American Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. A brand is thus a product or service that adds dimensions that differentiate it in some way from other products or services designed to satisfy the same need. These differences may be functional, rational, or emotional or intangible related to what the brand represents. Brand concepts must address customer interests and lifestyles. Factors that affect its brand image and brand perception among marketing communication program that implementing to the public to create brand perception, brand characteristic, brand image and bran d equity. De Chernatony and McDonald (1992) define a brand as an identifiable product, service, person or place, augmented in such a way that the buyer or user perceives relevant, unique added values which match their needs most closely. There have been two basic values identified by de Chernatony (1999) that contribute towards the brand premium. One is the functional value such as the price, technology, design and store layout. This functional value is a distinct attribute that a customer adds to the brand and distinguishes the brand from the rest. The second form of added value comes from emotional value. This value is derived from notions like advertising, internal branding, translating the retail brand into consumer taste, and even the shopping experience itself at the retail outlet. 2.3 Brand Perception Perception is how we see ourselves and the world we live in. However, what ends up being stored inside us doesnt always get there in a direct manner. Often our mental makeup results from information that has been consciously or subconsciously filtered as we experience it, a process we refer to as a perceptual filter. To us this is our reality, though it does not mean it is an accurate reflection on what is real. Thus, perception is the way we filter stimuli (e.g., someone talking to us, reading a newspaper story) and then make sense out of it. Perception has several steps. Exposure sensing a stimuli (e.g. seeing an ad) Attention an effort to recognize the nature of a stimuli (e.g. recognizing it is an ad) Awareness assigning meaning to a stimuli (e.g., humorous ad for particular product) Retention adding the meaning to ones internal makeup (i.e., product has fun ads) Brand perception is consumers ability to identify the brand under different conditions, as reflected by their brand recognition or recall performance (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand recall refers to consumers ability to retrieve the brand from the memory (Keller, 1993). According to the improvement of measurement for brand equity, consumer-based brand equity was described for four dimensions; brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty (Pappu, et al, 2005). Brand awareness was defined as the consumers ability to identify or recognize the brand (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). It refers to the strength of a brand presence in consumers minds. Brand awareness has several levels starting from the less recognition of the brand to dominance (Aaker, 1991). Perceived quality was evaluated and decided by consumers. Perceived quality is another valuation of brand to push the customer to buy products. Brand building has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another. The earliest signs of branding in Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against inferior quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artists signing their works. Brands today play a number of important roles that improve consumers lives and enhance the financial value of firms (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand awareness and brand perceived quality as the significant factors to create and maintain brand equity. There are positive relationship among brand awareness, perceive quality and brand equity (Aker, 1996, Buzzell Gate, 1987). The marketing program has effect to improve the perceive quality of brand for different customers. Brand perception is consumers ability to identify the brand under different conditions, as reflected by their brand recognition or recall performance (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand recall refers to consumers ability to retrieve the brand from the memory (Keller, 1993). According to the improvement of measurement for brand equity, consumer-based brand equity was described for four dimensions; brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty (Pappu, et al, 2005). Brand awareness was defined as the consumers ability to identify or recognize the brand (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). It refers to the strength of a brand presence in consumers minds. Brand awareness has several levels starting from the less recognition of the brand to dominance (Aaker, 1991). Perceived quality was evaluated and decided by consumers. Perceived quality is another valuation of brand to push the customer to buy products. Brand building has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another. The earliest signs of branding in Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against inferior quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artists signing their works. Brands today play a number of important roles that improve consumers lives and enhance the financial value of firms (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand awareness and brand perceived quality as the significant factors to create and maintain brand equity. There are positive relationship among brand awareness, perceive quality and brand equity (Aker, 1996, Buzzell Gate,1987). The marketing program has effect to improve the perceive quality of brand for different customers. 2.4 Brand Equity Source: Aaker, 1991 Brand equity is the added value endowed to products and services. Aaker (1991) defined the brand equity as a set of brand assts and liabilities linked to brand that adds or detracts the product or service value based on the customers perspectives. This value may be reflected in how consumers think, feel and act with respect to the brand that consumers had perceive from marketing programs. Brand equity is an important intangible asset that has psychological and financial value to the firm. The value of brand equity depends on the number of same people who buy regularly (Aaker, 1996). The brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand perceived quality are necessary to maintain the brand equity (Motameni Shahrokhi, 1998). There are two different perspectives of brand equity; financial and customer based. The first perspective evaluates the asset value of a brand name that creates to the business (Farquhar et al, 1991). Brand equity increased the discounted future cash flows and revenue comparing to the same product did not have the brand name (Motameni Shahrkhi, 1998). According to the second perspective, the premise of customer-based brand equity models is that the power of brand lies in what customers have responded, seen, read, heard, learned, thought and felt about the brand over time. In other words, the power of brand lies in the minds of existing or potential customers and what they have experienced directly and indirectly about the brand. The customer-based brand equity finally drives the financial return to the company (Lassar et al, 1995). The valuation of brand has been studied for different approaches, for example, marketing, premium pricing market value, customer factors, replacement cost perspective. According to the valuation based on consumer factors, the measurement of customers preference and attitude can be used to evaluate the brand equity (Aaker, 1991 and Kapferer, 1992). 2.5 Marketing Communication The marketing communication is considered as the strategic activities for brand managers to build and maintain the brand image of targeted customers (Duncan Mulhern, 2004). It is a significant driver of competitive advantage to create the ability of companies to attract, retain, and leverage customers (Kitchen, Joanne, Tao, 2004). Duncan (2002) explained that marketing communication is a process for managing the customer relationship that affects brand value lastly. Marketing communication programs are not only above the line activities such as advertising and sales promotions but also below the line activities such as public relations. Regarding recent concept of marketing communication, two-way communication as well as one way communication is a key determinant of brand strategies to stimulus the brand orientation process (Aaker, 1996 and Urde, 1994). 2.6 Consumer Behaviour Schiffinan and Kanuk (2004) define Consumer Behaviour as the behaviour that customers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. Consumer buying behaviour incorporates the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining, using and disposing of economic goods and services including the decision process that precede and determine these acts (Huctings 1995). image0.jpg Source: (http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/consumer-behavior-for-dummies-cheat-sheet.html, accessed on 20 /10/10 at 8.40pm) Lamb, Hair and McDartiel (1992) note that consumer behaviour is a study of the processes the consumer uses to make purchase decisions as well as the use and disposal of the purchased goods and services. It also includes the analysis of factors that influences purchase decisions and goods usage. Further more consumer behaviour is a process and purchase is only one step in that process. Santon,Etzel and Walker (1994) states that consumers are complex in nature and keep changing constantly. So it is a must for the marketers to constantly improve their understanding of consumers and understand what influences the needs of the consumers. In short, the understanding of the buying behavior of existing and potential customers is imperative for marketers (Lancaster 1998). It is also needed for the competitive survival. When the consumer is viewed in the proper perspective, the outcomes could be quite positive for the manufacturer. Lamb,Hair and McDaniel (1992),claim that the knowledge of consumer behavior reduces uncertainty when creating the marketing mix. The field of customer behavior covers a lot of ground: It is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires (Michael, 2003). Earlier, the field was referred to as buyer behavior, which emphasized o n interaction between consumers and producers at the time of purchase. Now marketers feel that consumer behavior is not merely a consumer handing over money in return for a service or good, but it is an ongoing process. The exchange of a transaction in which two or more organizations or people give and receive something of value is an integral part of marketing. 2.7 Consumer Decision Making Mahatoo (1985) defines Consumer Behavior decision making process consisting of a number of steps that begin before the purchase and reaches beyond the buying act. He suggests that marketers have to go beyond the various influences on buyers and develop an understanding of how consumers actually make their buying decisions .The ability to create a good service and to persuade the market to buy this offering instead of its competitors offering depends upon the insight into the consumer purchase decision on the understanding of how the target customers arrive at their purchase decisions. Price is one of the dominating factors when it comes to making a purchase decision. It generally plays a vital role in determining consumers brand choice while selecting a product. Consumers look into the price while taking a buying decision and check whether it is within their affordable limits. This helps them to maximize their immediate utility that they gain from the purchase. The consumers give relative importance to both price and quality, so while choosing a brand they make a choice consistent with the relative importance attached to both attributes (Nor Khasimah Alimana and Md Nor Othman, 2007). It is also known that consumers look upon the additional services and freebies which come along with the product rather than looking on the price factor. Customers were believed to put different weights on every factor when it comes to the evaluation process. Analysis shows that customers who had experienced bad customer service tend to consider more thoroughly all aspects of the serv ice when it comes to choice of product (Tor W. Andreassen and Line L. Olsen, 2008).   According to Kotler (2003), there are five roles people play during a purchase. They are Initiator: It is the person who gives the idea of buying the product or service. Influencer: It is the person who reviews or influences the decision. Decider: It is the person who makes the buying decision: what to buy, how to buy, when to buy and where to buy. Buyer: It is the person who actually makes the purchase. User: It is the person who consumes or uses the product or service. 2.8 Buying Behavior Buying behavior is a process in which consumers decide and act accordingly to buy certain products for their use. There are certain aspects which we need to understand. Why do consumers buy what they buy? What are the key factors for influencing consumers to buy the products? What are the changing trends in the society? Consumer buying behavior refers to what consumers buy at a certain point of time which involves their decision making. So it is important for any firm to keenly analyze on consumer buying behaviors as it has a great impact on the firms marketing strategy. It also plays a key role in the success of the firm. It is important for any firm to create a marketing mix that satisfies the customers. 2.9 Types of Consumer Buying Behavior There are few types of buying behaviors based on the type of products which needs to be purchased. Complex buying behavior is where an individual seeks lot of information about a high value branded product before purchasing it. Habitual buying behavior is where the individual buys the product out of habit. Variety seeking buying behavior is where the individual likes to shop around and experiment different products. Consumer buying behavior is determined by level of involvement in the purchase decision (Renjith, June 2004). According to Mahatoo (1985), the nature of the decision process varies depending upon the product and the consumer. The marketers need to determine the kind of decision making behavior that is involved with the particular product in order to understand the behavior of the consumer. Howard (1989) classifies consumer buying decision into three broad categories: Routine Response Programmed Behavior- A consumer generally uses a routine response behavior while frequently buying the low cost goods or services. These goods and services can be called low involvement products as the consumer spends little time on decision making and purchases easily. The consumer is familiar with different brands in this product category, but usually sticks on to one brand. The consumer usually skips many steps in the decision process as he buys the product out of habit. Limited Decision Making Buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about an unfamiliar brand in a product category. Requires a moderate amount of time for information gathering as it is compared with various brands. Acquiring information about an unfamiliar product category is called as limited decision making. Examples: books, clothes and cosmetics. Extensive Decision Making Consumers usually spend much time on extensive decision making with high involvement when they purchase an unfamiliar expensive product. This is the most complex type of consumer decision making as the consumers need a great deal of information to compare it with its alternate brands. Examples: cars, computers. Complex buying behavior involves three steps: The consumer develops belief about the product. The consumer develops attitude about the product. The consumer makes a thoughtful choice. Consumers usually engage in complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in a purchase, which usually happens when the product is expensive, risky, and highly self expressive. Many products do not carry features unless the buyer does some research. The marketer of a high involvement product must understand consumers information- gathering and evaluation process. According to this the marketer needs to develop strategies which will assess the buyer in learning about the products attributes and their importance. The marketer also needs to differentiate the brand features, motivate store keepers, and use proper print media to describe the brand and the buyers interaction to influence the brand choice. Dissonance-Reducing buyer behaviour According to Herbert (1965), the consumer sometimes gets highly involved in a purchase but see little differences in brands. The high involvement is due to the fact that the purchase is expensive, infrequent and risky. For this type of purchase the consumer will shop around to learn more about the product but purchase it quickly responding to the primary factors like price or convenience. After the purchase, the consumer might experience dissonance by hearing favourable things about other brands or noticing certain disquieting features. Now the consumer will alert the informants who support his or her decisions. For example, here, the consumer acted first then acquired new beliefs and ended up with a set of attitudes. Marketing communication should supply beliefs and evaluations that help the customer feel good about the brand of his choice. Variety-Seeking Buying Behaviour Henry (1987) states that some buying situations are characterised by low involvement but significant brand differences. Usually consumers do lot of brand switching. Take for example, cookies. The consumer has some knowledge about cookies, chooses them without much evaluation and evaluates the product during consumption. But next time the consumer may reach for another brand according to his taste. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. 3.10 Buying Decision Process The consumers engage in a decision process to deal with the marketing environment and make purchases. The consumer goes through a series of logical stages to arrive at the decision when he faces a problem which could be resolved through a purchase. A typical buying process consists of five stages. (Micheal and Elnora, 2000). 2.10.1 Problem Recognition The purchase process starts where the buyer recognises a problem or need. The need maybe triggered by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need (Micheal, 2003). People have unsatisfied needs and wants that create tension or discomfort, which can be satisfied by acquiring and consuming goods and services. Hence, the process of deciding what to buy begins when there is a need and it can be satisfied through consumption. Mahatoo (1985), states that when the consumer becomes aware of a discrepancy between the existing state and a desired state, a need is aroused. The existing state is the total situation of a consumer, the current needs, attitudes, motives. The desired state is the situation after the kinds of changes the consumer wishes. Both these states are the functions of consumers motivation, personality and past experience of cultural and social influences. Evans and Burman (1984), defines a stimulus as a cure intended to motivate a person to act. It can be social, commercial or non commercial. Need recognition shows a persons readiness to act by becoming aware of a need but does not guarantee that the decision making process will continue. Kotler (2003), suggests that by gathering information from a number of consumers marketers can identify the most frequent stimuli that triggers an interest in a product category, thereby developing marketing strategies that would create a spark in consumers interest. 2.10.2 Information Search When a consumer needs to gain knowledge about a product or service, he or she would be aroused to search for more information in the product category. Consumer information sources fall under four groups: Personal sources: Family, friends, neighbours Commercial sources: Advertising, sales person, dealers, display boards Public sources: Mass media, consumer-rating organizations Experimental sources: Handling, examining, using the product. The relative amount and influences of these information sources vary with product category and consumer characteristics (Peter, Daniel and Nancy, 1986). Customer decisions are based on a combination of past experiences and marketing information. Past experience is considered as an internal source of information. Greater the past experience, lesser the external information the consumer is likely to seek to make a decision. Baker (2000), states that if there is a sufficiently high level of involvement with the problem, the consumers are likely to engage in a complex and extensive information search. If the involvement level is low, they are likely to use a very simple information search. Kotler (2003), states that by gathering information the consumer learns about competing brands and their features. There will be lot of brands available to the consumer in a product category, in which only a few brands the consumer would be aware of (awareness set). Among these brands, few brands will meet consumers initial buying criteria (consideration set). As the consumer gathers more information only a few brands would remain (choice set). All the brands in the choice set might be acceptable. 2.10.3 Evaluation of Alternatives There is no single evaluation process used by all customers or by one customer in all buying situations. The consumers view each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities of delivering the benefits needed to satisfy them. The attributes of interest to buyers vary by product. Consumers will pay most attention to attributes that deliver benefits (Mary, James and John, 1997). Once a choice set has been identified, the consumer evaluates them before making a decision. The evaluation involves establishing some criteria against which each alternative is compared. The criteria that consumers use in the evaluation results from their past experience and feelings towards various brands as well as the opinions of family, friends, etc. (Stanton, Etzel and Walker, 1994). The product related attributes such as quality, durability, price, design, etc. Influence the buying decision of a consumer. A way to narrow down the products in the choice set is to pick an attribute and then excl ude all products in the set that does not possess that attribute (Lamb and McDaniel, 1992). Thus the choice which possesses all the required product related attributes can be selected. 2.10.4 Purchase Decision From the evaluation process discussed about, consumer will reach their final purchase decision which is made up of five purchase sub decisions: Brand decision, Vendor decision, Quantity decision, Timing decision and Payment method decision (Joseph and Howard, 1987). After evaluation, the first thing in mind would be to purchase the product or not. If the decision is to buy, a series of related decisions must be made regarding the features, where and when to make the actual transaction, how to take delivery, a mode of payment and other issues. So a decision to purchase starts an entirely new series of decisions that may be time consuming and difficult. Selecting a source from which a purchase can be made is also a buying decision (Stanton, Etzel and Walker, 1994). A consumers decision to modify, postpone or avoid a purchase decision is heavily influenced by risk. The amount of risk varies with the extent of money at stake, the amount of attribute uncertainty and amount of self confide nce. Marketers must understand the factors that create a feeling of risk in the consumer, thereby providing information and support to reduce the risk (Kotler, 2003). 2.10.5 Post Purchase Behaviour Every customer after buying a product will experience either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Hence the marketers job does not end when the product is bought; it must be monitored for post purchase satisfaction and post purchase actions. A very important stage of the consumers decision is the impact of current decisions on the future purchasing behaviour. Mahatoo (1985) says that three general outcomes are possible. They are: 2.10.5.1 Satisfaction Satisfaction occurs when a product performs according to expectations. The brand chosen has served to fulfil the customers needs and thus reinforces the response of purchasing the brand, which also means that beliefs and attributes about the brand are positively influenced and the likelihood of repurchase is increased. 2.10.5.2 Dissatisfaction Dissatisfaction occurs in the reverse situation, when the products performance is not up to the expectation it leads to negative belief and attributes about the brand. A dissatisfied customer is not likely to recommend the product to others. The results of satisfaction and dissatisfaction are recorded in long term memory and become inputs to the internal search of the firm. So the marketers must be careful in satisfying the needs and expectations of the customers. 2.10.5.3 Cognitive Dissonance: Cognitive dissonance occurs when the consumer experiences a feeling of doubt or psychological discomfort about the choice made. It is often felt right after the purchase when the consumer begins to have second thoughts about the product chosen. Dissonance is more likely to occur in complex decision making with high involvement purchases. Dissonance can come from a personal source from advertisement or from experience with the product. Post purchase evaluation is important to marketers because positive evaluation increases the probability of repeat purchases and brand loyalty. Negative or doubtful thoughts increase the probability that different alternatives will be considered next time when the need arises (Husted, Varble and Lowry, 1989). 2.11 Factors influencing the behaviour of buyers http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~market/380dir/cbinfluence.jpg Source: (http://blog.oneshotmarketing.com/2010/08/consumer-buying-behavior-the-laws-of-attraction/ accessed on 20/10/10 at 9.15pm) Consumer behaviour is affected by many uncontrollable factors. Culture is one of the factors that influence behaviour. Culture can be defined as our attitudes and beliefs. It is developed along with age in the society. For an individual growing up, a child is influenced by their parents, brothers and sisters. They learn about their religion and culture which helps them to develop opinions, attitudes and beliefs (Richard, 1976). These factors will influence a buying behaviour of the consumer, other factors like friends or people they look up may also influence their choices of purchasing a particular product. Culture is the most basic cause of a persons wants and behaviour.   Culture is learned from family, church, school, peers, colleagues. It reflects basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviours. Cultural shifts create opportunities for new products or may otherwise influence consumer behaviour. Peoples social status plays an important role in the consumer buying behaviour. Social class distinctions allow companies to position their products to appeal to certain social classes. The easiest example is automobiles. Marketing for Mercedes Benz is completely different from the marketing campaign from Honda or Toyota because they target individuals from the upper class. Another powerful and easy factor that companies manipulate in their marketing efforts is the social factor. To be part of a group, or represent a certain lifestyle, you must have certain possessions. Personal and Psychological factors are very specific realms and the target market segment becomes even smaller. That means even less amount of people can use these products. This reflects in higher prices to account for the decrease in volume 2.12 Models of Consumer Behaviour The various models of consumer behaviour as per (Ramasamy and Namakumari, 1990) are stated as follows 2.12.1 The Economic Model According to the economic model of buyer behaviour, the buyer is a rational man and his buying decisions are totally governed by the concept of utility. If the customer has certain amount of purchasing power, a set of needs to be met and a set of products in a very rational manner with the intentions of maximising the utility or benefits. 2.12.2 The Learning Model According to the learning model, buying behaviour can be influenced by manipulating the drivers, stimuli and responses of the buyers. The model rests on mans ability at learning, forgetting and discriminating. 2.12.3 The Psychoanalytical Model According to this model the individual consumer has a complex set of deep stated motives that drive him towards certain buying decisions. The buyer has a private world with all his hidden fears, suppressed desires and totally subjective longings. His buying action can be influenced by appealing to these desires and longings. 2.12.4 The Sociological Model According to the sociological model, the individual buyer is influenced by society, by inmate groups as well as social classes. His buying decisions are not totally governed by utility, he has a desire to emulate, follow, and fit in with his immediate environment. Several of his buying decisions may be governed by societal compulsions. 2.12.5 The Nicosia Model Efforts have been made by marketing scholars to build buyer behaviour models from the marketing mans point of view. The Nicosia model and the Howard and Sheth model are two important models. Both of them belong to the category called the systems model where the human being is analysed as the system with stimuli as the input to the system and behaviour as the output of the system. The Nicosia model tries to establish the link between a firm and its customers, how the activities of the firm influences the consumer and results in the buying decision. The information from the firm influences the consumer towar

Parents Importance to A Childs Life

Parents play a very important role in the lives of their children. They have to build a solid foundation for their kids in order for them to have a successful and rewarding life. The foundation needs to be built at an early age, and needs to keep being built throughout the child†s early adolescence. The foundation of an individual can be broken down into several different parts, such as morals, religious beliefs, political standpoints, and education, to name a few. Morals are probably the most import part in an individual†s life. They define right from wrong and good from bad. Crime is often times attributed to the lack of morals that a person has. Criminals are, in many cases, results of broken homes or families, where morals where not properly taught by the parents. When this particular part of the foundation is missing, a person can become corrupt. The parents really need to focus in on teaching their children morals, because it will shape the character of the individual and help him to become a better person. These morals will help guide the child throughout their lifetime. The crime rate would be considerably lower in the world if this crucial piece of the foundation is properly assembled. Parents can also influence the religious beliefs of the child. This is also another very important thing for a child to understand and learn. Religion may give the child someone or something to pray to when in a time of need. It also will give the child a sense of hope and faith. Without hope and faith, the child may find himself to be lost and confused, and religion will hopefully shed light on the right path and help to make better life decisions. Political standpoints are often times influenced by the child†s parents. For example, if both parents are democrats, there is a likely chance that when the child grows old enough to vote and participate in the political aspects of his country, that he will become a democratic voter. This is more of an example of an influence that parents have on their children. Early childhood education is an excellent opportunity for the child to build his character and present himself as an intelligent person. Knowledge will help the child in the future in many ways, including job interviews. When applying for a job, the employer can usually tell if the person has been well educated and has a good personality; this early education will really help the child to shine in the work force and give him an upper-hand on another person who may have received less education. A solid and strong foundation is such an important part of and individual. If a person was brought up under good conditions and taught manners and morals, then he will grow to be a well-respected gentleman. The life he will lead will be much more enjoyable and successful if the parents do their part in helping him build this foundation to success.(506)

Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society

One of the greatest civilizations of all time was Ancient Rome. They conquered most of the known world, which influenced most of the ancient and modern cultures. Their achievements in architecture rendered modern observers speechless, and brought great wealth to the Roman Empire. By far the greatest achievement in Roman history came in the form of running water. The three part system, which was developed by early Etruscans, kept diseases away and saved time. This system included the entrance, use, and exit of ancient Roman water. According to numerous historical texts, ancient Romans relied upon the water from the Tiber River, small springs, and shallow wells. Said water had to be carried in buckets to the city in many grueling passages. Over time, the water became insufficient for the growing population of Rome, and to rectify this problem, aqueducts were built. Most of the information on the aqueducts in ancient Rome comes from Sextus Julius Frontius, the water commissioner in the 1st century A. D. He described in proud detail the sources, length, and function of each of Rome's aqueducts, and he believed that the Roman achievements in water management were more important than anything else. â€Å". . . With such an array of indispensable structures carrying so many waters, compare if you will, the idle Pyramids or the useless, though famous works of the Greek† (Frontius, trans. By Bennet, 1961). Here, Frontius shows he cares little about the beauty of a monument, for his appreciation lies with the function it is created for: to carry potable water to the cities of the Empire, especially in the case of Frontius, to ancient Rome. The aqueduct system began at the source: a spring or river that looked to be suitable for the citizens of Rome, and ran at a slight decrease in altitude to the walls of the city. For example, the Aqua Appia, constructed by Appius Cladius Caesus in the year 312 B. C. , was 16,445 meters in length, but it only dropped 10 meters in altitude from the source to its level in Rome (Lanciani, 1897). Modern engineers marvel at the miniscule percent error of Appius Cladius Caesus’ famous aqueduct. The way the Romans built these lines so perfectly was very simple. If the workers came to a valley that interrupted the flow of gravity, they would build a tiered viaduct to keep the elevation in the same style; if they came upon a depression that was deemed impractical to build a viaduct, they would build an inverted siphon to move the water to and from its original height; and, lastly, if the workers fell upon a mountain or hill that obstructed the flow of the water, they would tunnel through the earth to ensure that the water reached its destination (Smith, 1978). I thought that Aqueducts only consisted of the two tiered bridges; sadly Norman Smith has proved me wrong. The popular but inaccurate image is that Roman aqueducts were elevated throughout their entire length on lines of arches†¦ The system of aqueducts serving Rome had only 5 percent of its total distance supported by viaducts or bridges† (Smith, 1978). This shows that modern archaeologists have deceived many people. Their findings only include the wondrous two tiered bridge s that are deceivably named, Aqueducts, whereas these structures are called viaducts, and Aqueducts are a name for the system that brings water from the source to the city. After the water arrived in the city, it served a purpose depending on its quality. â€Å"Roman water quality standards were remedial, taking into consideration only such factors as taste, temperature, smell, and appearance. Since the quality of water from the nine aqueducts varied, the worst waters were used for artificial lakes and irrigation, and the best for drinking. The aqueducts carrying water to Rome were covered to prevent the water from being contaminated by dust, dirt, and other impurities and from being heated by the sun. The best quality waters came from the valley of the Anio River† (Hansen, 1983). This quote shows that the quality of the water brought into the city determined the purpose it served, such as, water for fountains, drinking, latrines, public baths, cleaning the streets, for putting out fires, and, occasionally, for mock naval battles. Latrines in ancient Rome consisted of large, circular or square rooms. The seating was that of a short marble countertop with a circular hole on top and a square hole cut from the edge. At the feet of the user was a trench, and running water flowed through the trench. Every Roman had their own sponge on a stick; they would dip their sponge in the fresh water, and use it to clean themselves accordingly. This was a huge step in public sanitation. It cut down the spread of nasty diseases, which were running amok in the ancient times. Even today, though we do not clean ourselves with sponges, there is still a square slot cut, similar to the one in ancient Rome, in most modern toilets. Public baths served not only for bathing, but for every social interaction in Roman culture. People went to the baths practically all day to play games, discuss politics, exercise, read, lecture, listen to musical performances, and engage in prostitution. Waters of these baths were changed several times daily and used massive amounts of water. Mock naval battles, such as the one on lake Naumachia were the most entertaining of all spectacles put on by the ancient Romans. â€Å"Another popular form of entertainment was the sham naval battle on arti[fi]cial lakes (Naumachia). These not-so-sham battles were the most elaborate of all spectacles offered at Roman celebrations. The contestants butchered one another until one side or the other was eliminated; the victors, if they fought bravely, were occasionally given their freedom. The Emperor Domitian had the arena of the Coliseum flooded and reproduced an historic naval battle. Special piping was installed under the floor for flooding. The arena, however, proved to be too small. Roman historians report that Domitian staged sham naval battles with almost regular fleets, having dug an artificial lake near the Tiber River and surrounded it with seats†¦ Generally the aqueduct with poorest quality water was used to fill the naumachia† (Hansen, 1983) Emperor Domitian used the Coliseum, the Flavian Amphitheater, to stage mock naval battles as well, but it was too small, so he returned to filling Lake Naumachia. These quotes show that the ancient Roman people depended greatly on the aqueducts or Rome. The range of water delivered by the aqueducts varies from a low of 322,000 cubic meters per day (Herschel, 1913) to a high of 1,010,623 (Ashby, 1935). Roman water management was highly impressive, although the rich and influential received a much greater amount than the lowly citizens’ share. Good portions of this water were dumped into the street; this helped for the destruction of diseases because it kept the streets clean, by moving these hazards into the sewer system and out from under the feet of passerby. Virtually all water that entered the city of ancient Rome left via the Cloaca Maxima, and its main outlet was the Tiber River (Hansen, 1983). Several years before the birth of Christ, engineers built the Cloaca Maxima, which was the drainage and wastewater collection system in the ancient city of Rome. It still exists, and is used today, sparingly. Not everyone used the Cloaca Maxima, for it was highly taxed. The lazy, the misers, the poor, and the invalids had to resort to chamber pots. These would be emptied into the sewer nearby or dumped directly into the street, causing a passerby to receive an â€Å"unwanted gift† (Hansen, 1983). â€Å"From every towering roof the rubbish falls, striking the head, and injuries grow rank. See how pots strike and dint the sturdy pavement There's death from every window where you move. You'd be a fool to venture out to dine, Oblivious of what goes on above, Without you having penned the dotted line Of your last testament, You can but hope they spill a [chamber pot]. † (Juvenal, trans. Jerome Mazzaro,1965) One can see the irritation that jumps from the quote of Juvenal, and it shows that this practice was highly frowned upon in ancient Roman society. If a free man was struck by one of these projectiles, in addition to medical fees and other expenses, he could be paid in a similarity to Workman’s Compensation from the guilty party (Carcopino, 1940). This poem adds emphasis to the unorthodox disposal of waste, in addition to the orthodox methods of the Cloaca Maxima. Water entered ancient Rome mainly through aqueducts, which made the entrance grand, profitable, and allowed for even lowly citizens to have fresh water; this water was used by the citizens in numerous ways, including latrines, public baths, and fake naval battles; and said water exited ancient Rome into the Tiber River through the Cloaca Maxima, which was the sewer system in ancient Rome, and the chamber pot. These wondrous events greatly influenced the culture of ancient Roman cities, which consisted of mostly the entire known world. Consequently, this influence allowed for other civilizations to build upon the ideas of the ancient Romans, thus improving the architecture for societies to come. 1,549 Words For this paper I used numerous quotes from the text of Roger D. Hansen, WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME, this paper was the basis for all of my citations because all of the citations are used for his cited support as well as mine. I did have a great understanding for the information that was given here, but I had trouble finding sources for the information I gained in Western Civilization class, because it was my knowledge. That was a problem until I found this essay, but all references to his text are cited according to Hansen, and the references that he used in his paper are cited according to the works he used for support. Works Cited Ashby, Th. , 1935. The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome (ed. I. Richmond), Oxford. Carcopino, Jerome, 1947 (first published in 1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Frontinus, Sextus Julius (trans. Charles Bennett), 1961. Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hansen, Roger D. 1983, WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME. Web. 5 Nov. 2010. . Herschel, Clemens, 1913. Frontinus and the Water Supply of Rome. Longman, Green and Company, New York. Juvenal, Decimus Julius (trans. Jerome Mazzaro), 1965. Satire. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Lanciani, Rodolfo, 1967 (first published in 1897). The Ruins of Ancient Rome. Benjamin Blom, New York. Smith, Norman, 1978. Roman Hydraulic Technology. Scientific American 238:154-161. Quotes: Ashby, 1935: â€Å" A high of 1,010,623 cubic meters of water delivered daily to ancient Romans† Carcopino, 1940: When in consequence of the fall of one of these projectiles from a house, the body of a free man shall have suffered injury, the judge shall award to the victim in addition to medical fees and other expenses incurred in his treatment and necessary to his recovery, the total of the wages of which he has been or shall in the future be deprived by the inability to work which has ensued. † Frontius, 1961: â€Å". . . With such an array of indispensable structures carrying so many waters, compare if you will, the idle Pyramids or the useless, though famous works of the Greek† Hansen, 1983: â€Å"Romans without indoor facilities were forced into one of two options. For a relatively small charge they could enter one of the city's public latrines or they could use chamber pots†¦Rome's elaborate latrines were not a haven for the lazy, the misers, the poor, or the invalids. These latter groups had to resort to chamber pots. These were emptied into vats placed under the stairwells or, if vats were not provided, jars could be emptied into a nearby cesspool or an opening into the central sewer. There were many who found their stairs too steep, the distances to cesspools or sewers too far, and who found it more energy efficient to empty the contents of their chamber pots from windows onto the streets below† â€Å"The Roman sewer system probably carried off at least as much water as the aqueducts provided†¦The flow of the Tiber River was greatly increased by discharges from Rome's sewers† â€Å"Another popular form of entertainment was the sham naval battle on arti[fi]cial lakes (Naumachia). These not-so-sham battles were the most elaborate of all spectacles offered at Roman celebrations. The contestants butchered one another until one side or the other was eliminated; the victors, if they fought bravely, were occasionally given their freedom. The Emperor Domitian had the arena of the Coliseum flooded and reproduced an historic naval battle. Special piping was installed under the floor for flooding. The arena, however, proved to be too small. Roman historians report that Domitian staged sham naval battles with almost regular fleets, having dug an artificial lake near the Tiber River and surrounded it with seats†¦ Generally the aqueduct with poorest quality water was used to fill the naumachia† â€Å"Roman water quality standards were remedial, taking into consideration only such factors as taste, temperature, smell, and appearance. Since the quality of water from the nine aqueducts varied, the worst waters were used for artificial lakes and irrigation, and the best for drinking. The aqueducts carrying water to Rome were covered to prevent the water from being contaminated by dust, dirt, and other impurities and from being heated by the sun. The best quality waters came from the valley of the Anio River† Herschel, 1913: â€Å"As low as 322,000 cubic meters per day delivered by aqueducts†