European culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European culture - Research Paper Example Symbols consist of words, gestures, pictures, and objects representing a particular meaning. People sharing the culture only understand the meaning (Bondebjerg, 2004). The research seeks to find out the influence of the historic European culture to the present culture. It will highlight the current culture and matters of art and recreation such as music. The culture of Europe comprise of many overlapping cultures (Bundaberg, 2004). This indicates that now common culture does not exist. European culture passed through a series of events under different groups of people. The Greeks laid the foundations of the modern culture. Romans strengthened it while the Christians established it with the help of the other Europeans. In the fifteenth century, renaissance and reformation reformed and modernized the culture. The European empires that came after reformation globalized the culture. This culture succeeded to influence other cultures of the world through European education and Christianity (Goldstein, & Council of Europe, 2005). Culture consists of many aspects. By grouping similar aspects together, Scholars came up with five main components of culture. They include communication, cognitive component; material component, behavioral aspects, and religious aspects .communication comprise language. Language forms the most important aspect of culture in all cultures. People of the same culture interact and socialize with each other through the language (Goldstein, & Council of Europe, 2005). A symbol is anything used or shown to pass a particular massage or meaning. They vary with cultures although sometime they cut across many cultures. Cognitive component forms the second major aspect of culture. It comprises the ideas, knowledge, beliefs, and values of a particular group of people. Knowledge, considered as the storage of information fact and assumptions passes from generation to generation through formal

Virtual Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Virtual Organisations - Essay Example They have made a huge impact on the world of Internet and the technological manifestations which have come to the fore have stated the need for having virtual organizations in nearly all parts of the world. These are indeed the creative and innovative boutiques which have opened up at different sites and places, helped in hand by the people who want to bring out the very best within their skills and abilities, and thus contribute to the collective good of the society in the long run. The virtual organizations are being given the leverage because these have turned out to be really successful. The virtual space has meant that an online arm exists for the traditional organizations which want to engage the users more and more. They would like to have a comprehensive outlook on the part of the users, readers, customers and the like. This is something that poses an area with immense opportunities from a strategic perspective. The virtual organizations are therefore those organizations whic h are producing the best possible results through hard work and devotion, a fact that has been emphasized upon a great deal by their work ethos, results and the related attachments (Black, 2001). Nearly every organization that exists in this day and age has an online manifestation within the cyber space. These organizations want to send out a message of collective success not only for their own selves but also for the sake of the end consumers. This is something that comes out as a definite positive and one which shall harness the basis of success within the traditional organizations from the long term scheme of things. The virtual organizations are being compared to traditional ones but the most basic difference that comes to reckoning is the fact that the latter have a definitive basis while the virtual organizations are only apparent on the virtual map of the world. These differences are visible through state of the art technological regimes which are widespread in nearly all ave nues of the world (Gressgard, 2011). The virtual organizations are therefore those organizations that are bringing out the best possible results for the technological realms but whether or not these are producing the desired results is something that remains a mystery even to this day. This is because there are certain virtual organizations which are unable to strike big and that too in an easy manner. The need is to weigh the differences between the traditional organizations and the virtual organizations, and then compare the two for finding out the best between them. However the roles of these two are varied in their own respective ways. When it comes to flexibility and freedom, these virtual organizations are the best within such settings. The people behind these virtual organizations enjoy the luxury of working at their own disposal since they do not have to sit at a single location (office place) and thus work to good effect for handling the organizational tasks and routines (A bebe, 2007). What these people do within such virtual organizations is something that must be understood within the proper settings because the virtual organizations are always backed up with people who can do more work per se, and thus commit at completing small tasks and chores, all on their own. The virtual organizations need to be given the leeway at times because these are not really developed in

Personal development plan

Personal development plan PURPOSE: Human nature is forgettable, that is why I would like to make my personal development plan. I would like to see myself in next 4 years as a manager in my company where I am working now. My company is a large-scale company and we are doing corporate services such as a payroll, accounts. Document keeping and outsources. There are lots of small scale and medium scale business in the markets who do not have possible to hire there on accounts and payroll works who do there outsource work to give companies like my company who provide above services. Now a days I am working as a admin assistant in my company I would like to see myself as a manager in admin team. I have to do some plans to achieve my vision. There are some study skills I require to achieve my personal development plan. Thats why I start my study and l am doing my post diploma degree, this is one year plan and after that I will do my MBA degree. Which will very helpful to achieve my goal and other side I have to develop my skills which is such an important for achieve my goal. I will try to analyse myself and I will try to eliminate my weaknesses and threats. In addition, I will strengthen my abilities and I will look forward for my opportunities. This plan is a way to a get perfection in life and accomplish my goals. The aim of this Professional Development Plan is to establish a process of self-management and self-development. To develop myself, it is important to have an idea of my strengths and weaknesses and how can I convert my weaknesses to strengths. It also contains the opportunities that I have in me, I can take advantage of them, and if any change happens in the environment, how can I face this change and get adjustable to these changes. This personal development plan is the key to carry out my goals. It will not only help me to develop myself but also will help me to reach my goals and be successful. SKILLS: There are two type of skills require to achieve my goal. Fundamental skills Professional skills 1) Fundamentals skills : Discipline and time keeping Team work Stability 2) Professional skills Supervisory Sales skills Group activities Above skills are useful to achieve my personal development plan and my long terms goal. There are more skills are required such as communicating, roll model, attitude, self motivation, decision making, hard work dedication, safety in work, carefulness etc . I did my on exercise to achieve some skills. These are skills use to achieve my goal where I am now. I will try to complete all skills, which are taking me to my manager goal. Support for Managers Framework Skills, Knowledge and Attitudes Required: Team Member /Supervisor Manager Management An understanding of the role of a supervisor/team leader * Supervisory skills Motivation and organisational skills Knowledge of relevant systems, processes, policy, legislation, quality standards and procedures Basic management models Management styles Team motivation Delegation i.e. why, how and when Dealing with conflict Comprehensive knowledge of relevant systems, processes, policies, procedures, internal and external regulations, legislation and quality standards Basic principles of strategic management Communication skills Methods of communication to individuals and groups Effective written and verbal communication Feedback and briefing skills Understanding and interpreting the requirements of others Communicating information to others Dealing with confidential/ sensitive issues Team working Purpose of a team Stages of team development Being an effective team member Supporting performance of others Teambuilding skills Balancing team roles and using strengths Team dynamics Supporting Staff Performance Performance management principles Delivery of basic on-the-job training Delegation skills Reviewing individual and team progress and performance Coaching skills Recruitment and selection policies and procedures Basic interviewing skills Problem solving/decision making Understanding of who to take issues to and when Problem solving cycle Developing creative approaches Decision making (identification/solution/ implementation/ implication) Creative thinking Critical thinking Project management Basics of project management Organising resources and prioritising activities Assessing and organising resources, and planning and progressing work activities Using basic Project Management principles Organisational skills Personal effectiveness Assertiveness Time management/personal effectiveness Goal setting Developing and maintaining a network of contacts throughout own work area Adapting/transferring own skills to new circumstances Pursuing relevant professional qualifications Joining/progressing within own professional body Awareness (where appropriate) of wider developments in own profession The above skills and managerial framework are helping me to know my area of goal. SKILLS AUDIT: I did my skills audit and its help me address of area where I have to change myself. These are below. 1)Professional Skills Current level 5= Strong 1= Weak EXAMPLE HOW TO IMPROVE 1 Communication 3 I worked as corporate service company as an admin team member My responsibility was to communicate with customer and do there paper work. I also did letters, report and budget writing. Being from a commercial background, I lack some of the skills for effective business communication. To improve this I have enrolled for management course. I am also taking BEC listening lessons. Practicing report writing, doing presentations, group discussion and debate are the ways to improve communication skills. 2 Problem Solving 3.5 During my one-year tenure as admin, office solved various problems related to business administration. During this course, we are given assignments that are more practical. Some requires solving problems. More practical assignment, where in we are made to think taking into consideration present market situation, present business scenario and people involved in them will definitely improve our skill of problem solving. Reading case studies, articles and analysis report or various people and companies 3 Planning 4 When I joined company, I got one year planning to do all works with my clients, and I done this with on my hard work and plans. During the course, to complete the assignment we discussed and planned within the group to complete the task and meet deadlines. This assignment guides us to plan thing for our career. Maintaining diary to do planning regarding studies and personal matter After done my MBA it will be a platform to show our planning skills and to learn new techniques related to planning in the business world. 4 Supervision and Management 3 I was admin head in my company when my admin head was on holiday. In my last job in India, I was department head in my school and I use to supervision and management my department. Getting opportunities to lead a small team at the start, It would be beneficial. This skill matters how well we understand our team, so reading books on effective management and understanding team members psychology will help. 5 Innovation, Creativity and Development 3 During our first term in this course, we had assignment and various class activities that involved creative and innovative thinking. Doing more assignments where research and problem solving is required. Showing our creativity in power point presentation 6 Organising 3.5 During my university education, I was involved in organising Technical Festival named FERVOR08 and other technical events throughout the year. I also organised annual function of our hostel in India when I was a Head Boy. Chance to lead and organise event or project will help to improve this skills. Not necessary to be a big one 7 Delegating 3 Have done during academics assignment and events, but not in business world. This skills can be improved by leading a team in assignment of project or event. Reading books and articles for effective delegating will help to build up this skill. 8 Leading Chairing Meetings 3 During university, I lead my sport team of our sport event. In business world, I have not yet reached this position. 9 Delivering effective presentation 3 I was involved in-group presentation for assignment in my last year of my degree. In addition, I did well. However, there is lot of room for improvement. Delivering as many presentations as possible to different audience and on variety of subjects during this course. Also taking presentation audit that we already did, in every term. 10 Professional Knowledge 2 As an admin tem member, I have sound knowledge of my field but I aspire to be in business management. I have little knowledge about business management. This course is the first step to learn business management. I could show my skills as well as learn and demonstrate my business skills. 2) Personal Skills Current level 5 = Strong 1= Weak EXAMPLE HOW TO IMPROVE 1 Time Management 3 I have been timetable follower all my life. Sometimes I do miss my timetable. We as a team planned to meet deadlines for the assignment. In addition, I manage time for my studies and part time job to build my career and also earn for my living expenses. Attending seminars on tips on time management, or making it a part of our course. Reading book on time management. Making daily log and task schedules and following them. 2 Analysis 3 I many times analyse the situation before reacting to it. Still need to work a lot as far as analysis as a personal skill is concerned. Managing changes in organization assignment was on real estate, which required research and analysis. I have been able to do quite well Assignment and case studies involving lot of research and analysis will help us to develop this skill from business point of view. Also analyzing and then addressing all issues that come on our way to make a successful career. 3 Objective Setting 3 To improve my managerial skills, which I am lacking, I enrolled for this course. My objective is to improve my technical skills and managerial skills to be a competitive candidate in business world. Objective setting skills can be learned by discussing and brain storming session by counsellor, teacher, friends and family. 4 Prioritizing Work Tasks 2 I sometimes find difficulty in prioritizing tasks. We got assignment and Job as a Christmas Temp so it was difficult to manage and prioritize, as both were important. One for living and other for career Preplanning and brainstorming can be done to prioritize work. Maintaining diary and scheduling will help to improve this skill. 5 Decisive / (Procrastination) 2 In this term, I have delayed my submission. Again, planning and challenging self to stick to deadlines will help. Also reading and taking tips to avoid laziness helps. Doing Yoga to improve concentration and self control 6 Dealing with interruptions 2 When I am talking to someone and if other person interrupts, I lose my point of discussion and thus get frustrated with interruption. But when I am doing a task or studies I dont feel interruption by music or a call by friend. I get back to work as soon as I finish with interruption. Improving memory Doing Yoga to improve concentration. Reading books on this. 7 Planning Organising Skills 3 I plan and organise task before implementing. Like I have done in all my assignments In addition, I plan when it comes to personal or family occasions and matters. Learning to plan things in our work and daily life from our teachers, parents and colleagues Reading books and case studies on planning and organising 8 Problem-solving 4 Right from my childhood, I have been away from my parents for study and career reasons. I manage my problems myself and solve them personally. Sometimes I do concern my family of teachers for this. Leaving independent life help us to learn this skills. Solving problems ourselves first and if it is too worse than only concern to others. I have read the book ‘Heart of Change by John Katter et al. that shows how people solve their business problems with simple techniques. 9 Team Work 3 Worked in team in my job. Team was productive and we did well to deliver the result. Also worked in a team for organising various events during my university education as mentioned earlier Being a part of different team each time during new project will improve our skill. Also understanding our responsibilities and roles in the team will improve our skill. 10 Networking 3 I am extrovert and like to meet people and make contacts. I am so many contacts from my university days. This helps us to share and learn new ideas not only at personal level but also at professional level. Making groups on networking website Like we have made an academic group â€Å"stcdms0910† on yahoo groups to be in touch not only for this course but throughout lifetime to share both business and personal information. 11 Self-management 4 I dont change my plan or get distracted by my friends activities. I will do what I planned and what is important to me. Learning self-control improves this skill. Doing Yoga, Reading books etc 12 Technology Skills 4 I did my bachelor in science degree with first class. I am interested a lot in reading and browsing about new technology. Keeping one, self well aware of changing technology, Reading and browsing for learning about new technology Never be afraid of trying out gadgets or software packages due to fear of damaging it. 13 Communication 3 I have done well in presentation though I am improving on various aspect of delivering effective presentations. I am little weak as far as spoken and listening is concerned. I have taken BEC listening lessons to improve my listening skills. I read a lot to improve my vocabulary. In addition, I do presentations. 14 Listening Skills 3 I am a good listener as my friends say. They approach me to discuss issues. I consider that everyone has talent and they are worth listening. However, as an activist as far as learning style is concerned I feel bore to listen to long lectures. Firstly being patient. Understanding others feeling. Taking interest in what others have to say. Doing Yoga to improve concentration will help. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN: When I was making my personal development plan, I need several steps to achieve my goal. That why I follow bellow structure which are provide me to show my way to manager post in next 4 years. Step involve in personal development plan. Regarding above structure I can consider myself now a days as a team member in my company. There are many things are help me to achieve my goal. I would like to become a manager in my four years to come. Now days I am doing as a team member in my company and there are some skills which are good in my life and some of skills I need to be improve in my future. SWOAT ANALYSIS: To achieve my goal I have to do my SWOT analysis. SWOT Analysis is a tool that will reflect your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats .it will help me to develop my currier way that takes best advantage of my ability, talents and opportunities. The first step of a SWOT analysis is the internal factor: Strengths and weakness. SWOT Analysis are inbuilt they are not inhere tent by others. Below are my strengths and weaknesses. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Ø I can learn things faster Ø I am bad in time management Ø Positive attitude Ø Short tempered Ø Punctual Ø Friendly nature Ø Energetic Ø Poor presentation skills The next step is considering the external factor these are things like economic, market, environmental change etc. Its involve opportunities and threats. Opportunities Threats Ø Getting MBA degree in known university, Ø Lack of job in my field due to recession Ø Getting chance to work in UK get PSW visa (work ) Ø Emotionally attached with the family in back home, Ø Chance to build my network, Ø Visa extension is very strict and may get refused, Ø Getting experience in market my company , Ø UK is very expensive to live continue my study and future, GOALS: It is very important for me and every individual organisation to have goals in life, the goal should be SMART: S- Specific, significant, stretching M Measurable, meaningful, motivational A Achievable, acceptable, attainable R- Realistic, relevant, reasonable, rewarding T- time-base, tangible, traceable My goal is after four years to become a manager in my company. As I use to deal with my work and I have complete knowledge for how can I reach there and how it works in my life.

Defining Good Advice :: Definition Essays

Defining Good Advice What is good advice? As Rosymar stated, "Good advice is general, specific, and a helpful idea that could transmit confidence and security, usually, we get it from someone we trust." Good advice, to me, is some help in life that comes from a person that the advisee trusts. Advice is good when it is given thoughtfully to a person. It has to be from the heart, not just said for the sake of being said. Generally, good advice has to come from experience. I can't tell a friend that I understand a situation if I have never experienced it myself. Although, the advisor won't know everything about anything, with the advisors' experience, reliable advice should be given. I have found and observed that the best advice is given from someone that knows what it feels like to be in the same position. Otherwise, the advisor is just guessing as to what the right way to solve the problem. How does good advice work? Good advice is only found useful if it relates to the situation. Take road signs for example. A "watch for moose" sign wouldn't be placed in the middle of Los Angles. It is not right because (I am assuming) there aren't enough moose in Los Angles that people need to be careful while driving. The advice may be used later on in life, though, just as long as it applies. It also works when it is not forced on the advisee. The final result from the pressure is the advisee feeling rotten for the way he/she handled the situation. The only way the advisee will learn from the experience is if he/she decides which part if any to be used them selves. Advice doesn't work if it is not truthful. The advisee would not be asking the advisor for advice if a truthful, helpful, and understanding response wasn't expected. If the advisee respects the advisor enough to ask for help, the advisor should respect the advisee enough to give honest advice. I agree with the notion that good advice and good writing are connected. Language can be written or spoken, so I think that it is language and good advice that are connected. The language influences the way that a person interprets the message. If the advice is truthful and doesn't 'beat around the bush' it is more effective.

Wonder of Modern Scince

apple pie and baseball. Here is more about the culture of USA. American People: The American society is a blend of native Americans as well as a large number of immigrants from various countries like Ireland, Germany, Poland, Italy, Latin America, Asia and Africa. Having gone through a phase of racial discrimination, the United States of America today recognizes four races in the country – Native American, African-American, Asian and European American. Religions in America: The majority of United States includes Protestant Christians.The percentage of Catholics is slightly less than the Protestants. In addition to this, USA being a secular state, a number of people have also adopted other religions like Judaism, Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism. American Arts: In the early years American art and literature took most of its ideas and influences from European artists. During the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth centuries, American paintings primarily included landsca pes and portraits in a realistic style. The industrial revolution was responsible for new influences thereafter.American literature is also known for development of popular literary genres such as hardboiled crime fiction. As far as dance is concerned, USA has its share of dance varieties like the trademark Lindy Hop and its derivative Rock and Roll. There is also the modern square dance and the modern dance. In addition to this, there is a wide influence of several African-American dances. Languages in America: United States of America does not have an official national language as such. However the majority of American population speaks English.Owing to the large number of immigrants from Spain, Spanish is the second-most common language in America. In addition to this, some other languages that exist owing to the immigrants are German, Polish, Italian and Greek. American Clothing: In general terms, American clothing is diverse and predominantly informal. One of the most popular p ieces of clothing that originated in America was the ‘Blue jeans', which were touted as ‘work clothes' in the 1850s by an immigrant merchant called Levi Strauss.American Cuisine: Like every other cultural element, the American cuisine too has a strong European influence. The commonly used ingredients in American cooking are subject to change as you move from one region to the other. Some of the popular preparations in the American cuisine are the American pie, banana split, brownies, corn dogs, crab cakes, hamburgers, clam chowder, lobster, hotdogs, New-York style cheesecake and the Italian-influenced pizza.American Festivals: In addition to the traditional Christmas, Good Friday and New Year celebrations, Americans also celebrate various other festivals like Hanukkah, Thanksgiving, Easter, Halloween, St. Patrick's Day, Mardi Gras, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kipper. You can also read more about Native American Culture and American Pop Culture. Read more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/different-cultures-of-the-world. html

Celiac Disease

Celiac Disease Celiac disease is a disease found in the small bowel. This disease does not have a cure. It can only be treated with a strict diet. There are four types of celiac, and all but one can be treated. The disease is a genetically inherited associated with the HL4 locus found on the arm of the chromosome six (schaffner,small-bowel and bacterial overgrowth 2006 pg. 99). This disease can cause a lot of problems with a patient if not treated properly. The proper treatment for most individuals is to go on a gluten free diet. A gluten free diet avoids wheat, rye, barley, and sometimes oats.Some symptoms are excessive diarrhea, smelly stools, cramps, and weight loss. The most accurate way to diagnose celiac disease is to do an upper endoscopy on the patient. An endoscopy is a procedure with a tube called a scope and a small camera on the end. The scope goes down the patient’s throat to look at their upper gastric region. A biopsy of jejunal mucosa would be done in the small intestine to send to pathology and determine if the patient has celiac disease. When a patient is on a gluten free diet and their body has not responded to it within two years they call this non-responders.Only five percent of individuals are non-responders. There is also called a refractory sprue this is when someone does not respond to the gluten free diet or has responded and over some time has slipped back and stopped working so the patient has the same symptoms as they did before. There are two types of refractory sprue. Type one is a normal population of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Type two is an premalignant population of intraepithelial lymphocytes based upon clonality analysis of t-cell receptors and immunophenotyping. Type one can never lead to type two, a patient either has one or the other.Type one also has a higher survival rate of a five year study. This disease is a slowly growing disease. Now we find in some areas in the populations that it can be higher than one i n two hundred and fifty people. Celiac disease is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten. Many individuals will experience an immune reaction to the gluten that is digested. These proteins are mainly found in bread, pasta, and many different foods that contain wheat, barley and rye. Some foods that contain gluten that are over looked are brown rice syrup, energy bars, mitation seafood, processed luncheon meats and many more. When we experience a patient that doesn’t obey the gluten free diet they could do cause damage to the inner surface of the small intestine and not have the ability to absorb certain proteins that the body needs. There are four types of celiac disease. Type one has an increase in T- cell receptor intraepithelial lymphocytes. The symptoms of this type are malnutrition and weight loss with no symptoms of gastrointestinal symptoms. Type two has enlarged crypts along with the intraepithelial lymphocytes.Type one and two are the on ly types that can be treated. Type three is present in all symptomatic patients, but many patients with this lesion are asymptomatic. Type four is irreversible and is found in patients who do not respond to gluten withdrawal and in patients with lymphoma (schaffner,small-bowel and bacterial overgrowth 2006 pg. 100). The one way to diagnose a patient with celiac is to do an upper endoscopy and take a biopsy. To get the most accurate diagnosis is to biopsy the jejunal mucosa in the small intestine. They can also do serologic testing. It tests the IgA antigliadin antibody levels.They mostly use this test to see if the gluten free diet is working. Patients with celiac disease have a higher chance of lymphoproliferative disease and gastrointestinal then the average person. Studies have proven that a person with celiac is more likely to develop other autoimmune disorders like type one diabetes mellitus, and connective tissue disease. Mothers that have not been diagnosed with the disease c ould have low birth weight newborns and preterm birth compared to the mothers that have already been diagnosed with the disease. The treatment for celiac disease is gluten free diet.Gluten is a protein in a variety of foods. Oats have no gluten, but often cause problems for patients. They should limit the amount of oats they consume a day about fifty to sixty grams. The number one rule in this diet is to avoid wheat, rye, and barley completely. Always make sure the label is read on items carefully, they find ways to put gluten in different places. The safe things to eat are fresh vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, and eggs. Almost all foods in grocery stores have foods that have been mixed with gluten containing grains, additives, and preservatives.This makes it hard to find things in grocery stores. Now that this disease has become more noticeable in the communities, patients can find gluten free items in selected grocery stores. With our economy today some patients are unfortunate a nd cannot afford this gluten free food. For example a loaf of bread with gluten cost no more than three dollars, for a gluten free loaf of bread it cost six. This is doubling the prices on food. So I am sure there are organizations out there that will help someone provide food for themselves or for their children.Everyone has to watch out for cross contamination if our bread was cooked in the same baking pan as the gluten free bread was the patient with celiac disease would probably have a reaction to this. This is a very hard diet and it takes a lot of getting use too. If the patient looks at this diet in a positive way it will come easier to them. Approximately seventy percent of patients have noticeable clinical improvement within two weeks (Ciclitira, MD, PhD, FRCPJ; Lamont, MD; Grover, MD MPH; Up to date, 2012 www. uptodate. com).Once a patient reaches remission stage in the diet, some patients are able to consume little amounts of gluten and tolerate it and some have to stay o n the diet from then on. A patient should be evaluated four to six weeks after starting the gluten free diet to have a complete blood count, folate, B12, iron studies, liver chemistries, and serologic testing to see how they are doing and making sure nothing else is wrong. A gluten free diet is the only treatment for celiac disease. So when a patient is a non-responder to the gluten free diet they could be in some danger.This is a rare thing that happens only in five percent are non-responders. Patients who do not respond fall in five categories. * Patients with poor compliance or inadvertent gluten ingestion * Patients with clinical or histologic features that overlap with celiac disease but are caused by other disorders * Patients with concurrent disorders * Patients with refractory sprue * Patients with ulcerative jejunitis or intestinal lymphoma The most common reason for non-responders is poor compliance or inadvertent gluten ingestion. These patients need to go to a specificit y trained dietitian.Patients with concurrent disorders should be considered in patient who despite apparent compliance, continue to have symptoms or do not have histologic improvements. Refractory sprue has two types. Type one is when there is a normal population of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Type two is when there is an aberrant or premalignant population of intraepithelial lymphocytes base upon conality analysis of t-cell receptors. Patients with type one have less severe presentation and a more better prognosis than patients with type two disease. Ciclitira, MD, PhD, FRCPJ; Lamont, MD; Grover, MD MPH; Up to date, 2012 www. uptodate. com ) On a five year study survival was higher in the type one group. In type two most deaths were due to the development of t-cell lymphoma. No patients with type one developed type two, so it doesn’t progress into one another. Refractory sprue can be severe and associate with progressive malabsorption and death (Ciclitira, MD, PhD, FRCPJ; L amont, MD; Grover, MD MPH; Up to date, 2012 www. uptodate. com). The cause of this is unknown.Ulcerative jejunitis and lymphoma should be considered in patients with refractory sprue unresponsive to glucocorticoids (Ciclitira, MD, PhD, FRCPJ; Lamont, MD; Grover, MD MPH; Up to date, 2012 www. uptodate. com). Patient with ulcerative jejunitis have multiple chronic benign appearing ulcers, most frequently in the jejunum. Patients could have recurrent symptoms of malabsorption, lassitude, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever despite being on a gluten free diet this disease is found in middle aged patients with underlying celiac disease. Celiac disease is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten.There is not a cure for this disease but there is a treatment. A gluten free diet is the treatment for this disease. It is a hard and intense diet to stick to. There are many complications that happen to the body when on a gluten free diet. The body doesn’t get enough vitamins and minerals. Gluten is any wheat, rye or barley. Ninety percent of the food that is eaten today has gluten in it at some degree. Very rare does a person not respond to a gluten free diet, they call this non-responders. The disease is a genetically inherited disease associated with the HL4 locus found on the arm of the chromosome six. schaffner,small-bowel and bacterial overgrowth 2006 pg. 99). We should have all of our family checked for this disease if someone in the family has had it. This is a disease this country is starting to see more and more. References Ciclitira, MD, PhD, FRCPJ; Lamont, MD; Grover, MD MPH; Up to date, 2012 www. uptodate. com Greenberger; Blumberg; Burakoff; current diagnosis & treatment;2009; McGraw Hill companies Hauser, MD; pardi, MD; Poterucha MD; mayo clinic gastroenterology and hepatology board review, second edition;2006